• ranch - ranch is from Spanish rancho 'group of persons eating together'
• new potato - new potatoes are young potatoes of any variety, esp. small early red potatoes
• calendar year, civil year - a calendar year or civil year is January 1 - December 31
• duel - duel comes from Latin duellum, an archaic form of bellum 'war,' used to describe a single fight to settle a matter
• to live short - to live short is a New England term for 'to live in poor circumstances or an undesirable place'
• gormless - someone who is gormless is dull or stupid
• well-taken - well-taken means 'accurate, shrewd' of a comment or argument
• hyperbole - hyperbole (extravagant exaggeration) is Greek for 'overcasting'
• snow - snow (technically, a mineral) is of Teutonic in origin, from an Indo-European root shared by the Latin words niv-/nix and Greek nipha; the spelling snow first appeared in English around 1200
• albeit - albeit is a shortened version of 'all be it (that)'
• mass noun, count noun - nouns like sugar, toast, coffee, and rice are mass nouns and those such as pencil, stone, tree, and biscuit are count nouns; mass nouns refer to things that occur as collected or undifferentiated compositions and count nouns are things that can be counted
• scantle - a scantle is a small portion
• swot - to swot is to work or study at school or college
• obganiate - to obganiate is to irritate with reiteration